tokio\sync/

watch.rs

#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "sync"), allow(dead_code, unreachable_pub))]

//! A multi-producer, multi-consumer channel that only retains the *last* sent
//! value.
//!
//! This channel is useful for watching for changes to a value from multiple
//! points in the code base, for example, changes to configuration values.
//!
//! # Usage
//!
//! [`channel`] returns a [`Sender`] / [`Receiver`] pair. These are the producer
//! and consumer halves of the channel. The channel is created with an initial
//! value.
//!
//! Each [`Receiver`] independently tracks the last value *seen* by its caller.
//!
//! To access the **current** value stored in the channel and mark it as *seen*
//! by a given [`Receiver`], use [`Receiver::borrow_and_update()`].
//!
//! To access the current value **without** marking it as *seen*, use
//! [`Receiver::borrow()`]. (If the value has already been marked *seen*,
//! [`Receiver::borrow()`] is equivalent to [`Receiver::borrow_and_update()`].)
//!
//! For more information on when to use these methods, see
//! [here](#borrow_and_update-versus-borrow).
//!
//! ## Change notifications
//!
//! The [`Receiver`] half provides an asynchronous [`changed`] method. This
//! method is ready when a new, *unseen* value is sent via the [`Sender`] half.
//!
//! * [`Receiver::changed()`] returns:
//!     * `Ok(())` on receiving a new value.
//!     * `Err(`[`RecvError`](error::RecvError)`)` if the
//!       channel has been closed __AND__ the current value is *seen*.
//! * If the current value is *unseen* when calling [`changed`], then
//!   [`changed`] will return immediately. If the current value is *seen*, then
//!   it will sleep until either a new message is sent via the [`Sender`] half,
//!   or the [`Sender`] is dropped.
//! * On completion, the [`changed`] method marks the new value as *seen*.
//! * At creation, the initial value is considered *seen*. In other words,
//!   [`Receiver::changed()`] will not return until a subsequent value is sent.
//! * New [`Receiver`] instances can be created with [`Sender::subscribe()`].
//!   The current value at the time the [`Receiver`] is created is considered
//!   *seen*.
//!
//! ## [`changed`] versus [`has_changed`]
//!
//! The [`Receiver`] half provides two methods for checking for changes
//! in the channel, [`has_changed`] and [`changed`].
//!
//! * [`has_changed`] is a *synchronous* method that checks whether the current
//!   value is seen or not and returns a boolean. This method does __not__ mark the
//!   value as seen.
//!
//! * [`changed`] is an *asynchronous* method that will return once an unseen
//!   value is in the channel. This method does mark the value as seen.
//!
//! Note there are two behavioral differences on when these two methods return
//! an error.
//!
//! - [`has_changed`] errors if and only if the channel is closed.
//! - [`changed`] errors if the channel has been closed __AND__
//!   the current value is seen.
//!
//! See the example below that shows how these methods have different fallibility.
//!
//! ## [`borrow_and_update`] versus [`borrow`]
//!
//! If the receiver intends to await notifications from [`changed`] in a loop,
//! [`Receiver::borrow_and_update()`] should be preferred over
//! [`Receiver::borrow()`].  This avoids a potential race where a new value is
//! sent between [`changed`] being ready and the value being read. (If
//! [`Receiver::borrow()`] is used, the loop may run twice with the same value.)
//!
//! If the receiver is only interested in the current value, and does not intend
//! to wait for changes, then [`Receiver::borrow()`] can be used. It may be more
//! convenient to use [`borrow`](Receiver::borrow) since it's an `&self`
//! method---[`borrow_and_update`](Receiver::borrow_and_update) requires `&mut
//! self`.
//!
//! # Examples
//!
//! The following example prints `hello! world! `.
//!
//! ```
//! use tokio::sync::watch;
//! use tokio::time::{Duration, sleep};
//!
//! # async fn dox() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
//! let (tx, mut rx) = watch::channel("hello");
//!
//! tokio::spawn(async move {
//!     // Use the equivalent of a "do-while" loop so the initial value is
//!     // processed before awaiting the `changed()` future.
//!     loop {
//!         println!("{}! ", *rx.borrow_and_update());
//!         if rx.changed().await.is_err() {
//!             break;
//!         }
//!     }
//! });
//!
//! sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
//! tx.send("world")?;
//! # Ok(())
//! # }
//! ```
//!
//! Difference on fallibility of [`changed`] versus [`has_changed`].
//! ```
//! use tokio::sync::watch;
//!
//! #[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
//! # async fn main() {
//! let (tx, mut rx) = watch::channel("hello");
//! tx.send("goodbye").unwrap();
//! drop(tx);
//!
//! // `has_changed` does not mark the value as seen and errors
//! // since the channel is closed.
//! assert!(rx.has_changed().is_err());
//!
//! // `changed` returns Ok since the value is not already marked as seen
//! // even if the channel is closed.
//! assert!(rx.changed().await.is_ok());
//!
//! // The `changed` call above marks the value as seen.
//! // The next `changed` call now returns an error as the channel is closed
//! // AND the current value is seen.
//! assert!(rx.changed().await.is_err());
//! # }
//! ```
//!
//! # Closing
//!
//! [`Sender::is_closed`] and [`Sender::closed`] allow the producer to detect
//! when all [`Receiver`] handles have been dropped. This indicates that there
//! is no further interest in the values being produced and work can be stopped.
//!
//! The value in the channel will not be dropped until all senders and all
//! receivers have been dropped.
//!
//! # Thread safety
//!
//! Both [`Sender`] and [`Receiver`] are thread safe. They can be moved to other
//! threads and can be used in a concurrent environment. Clones of [`Receiver`]
//! handles may be moved to separate threads and also used concurrently.
//!
//! [`Sender`]: crate::sync::watch::Sender
//! [`Receiver`]: crate::sync::watch::Receiver
//! [`changed`]: crate::sync::watch::Receiver::changed
//! [`has_changed`]: crate::sync::watch::Receiver::has_changed
//! [`borrow`]: crate::sync::watch::Receiver::borrow
//! [`borrow_and_update`]: crate::sync::watch::Receiver::borrow_and_update
//! [`Receiver::changed()`]: crate::sync::watch::Receiver::changed
//! [`Receiver::borrow()`]: crate::sync::watch::Receiver::borrow
//! [`Receiver::borrow_and_update()`]:
//!     crate::sync::watch::Receiver::borrow_and_update
//! [`channel`]: crate::sync::watch::channel
//! [`Sender::is_closed`]: crate::sync::watch::Sender::is_closed
//! [`Sender::closed`]: crate::sync::watch::Sender::closed
//! [`Sender::subscribe()`]: crate::sync::watch::Sender::subscribe

use crate::sync::notify::Notify;
use crate::task::coop::cooperative;

use crate::loom::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
use crate::loom::sync::atomic::Ordering::{AcqRel, Relaxed};
use crate::loom::sync::{Arc, RwLock, RwLockReadGuard};
use std::fmt;
use std::mem;
use std::ops;
use std::panic;

/// Receives values from the associated [`Sender`](struct@Sender).
///
/// Instances are created by the [`channel`](fn@channel) function.
///
/// To turn this receiver into a `Stream`, you can use the [`WatchStream`]
/// wrapper.
///
/// [`WatchStream`]: https://docs.rs/tokio-stream/0.1/tokio_stream/wrappers/struct.WatchStream.html
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Receiver<T> {
    /// Pointer to the shared state
    shared: Arc<Shared<T>>,

    /// Last observed version
    version: Version,
}

/// Sends values to the associated [`Receiver`](struct@Receiver).
///
/// Instances are created by the [`channel`](fn@channel) function.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Sender<T> {
    shared: Arc<Shared<T>>,
}

impl<T> Clone for Sender<T> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        self.shared.ref_count_tx.fetch_add(1, Relaxed);

        Self {
            shared: self.shared.clone(),
        }
    }
}

impl<T: Default> Default for Sender<T> {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new(T::default())
    }
}

/// Returns a reference to the inner value.
///
/// Outstanding borrows hold a read lock on the inner value. This means that
/// long-lived borrows could cause the producer half to block. It is recommended
/// to keep the borrow as short-lived as possible. Additionally, if you are
/// running in an environment that allows `!Send` futures, you must ensure that
/// the returned `Ref` type is never held alive across an `.await` point,
/// otherwise, it can lead to a deadlock.
///
/// The priority policy of the lock is dependent on the underlying lock
/// implementation, and this type does not guarantee that any particular policy
/// will be used. In particular, a producer which is waiting to acquire the lock
/// in `send` might or might not block concurrent calls to `borrow`, e.g.:
///
/// <details><summary>Potential deadlock example</summary>
///
/// ```text
/// // Task 1 (on thread A)    |  // Task 2 (on thread B)
/// let _ref1 = rx.borrow();   |
///                            |  // will block
///                            |  let _ = tx.send(());
/// // may deadlock            |
/// let _ref2 = rx.borrow();   |
/// ```
/// </details>
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Ref<'a, T> {
    inner: RwLockReadGuard<'a, T>,
    has_changed: bool,
}

impl<'a, T> Ref<'a, T> {
    /// Indicates if the borrowed value is considered as _changed_ since the last
    /// time it has been marked as seen.
    ///
    /// Unlike [`Receiver::has_changed()`], this method does not fail if the channel is closed.
    ///
    /// When borrowed from the [`Sender`] this function will always return `false`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    ///
    /// # #[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
    /// # async fn main() {
    /// let (tx, mut rx) = watch::channel("hello");
    ///
    /// tx.send("goodbye").unwrap();
    /// // The sender does never consider the value as changed.
    /// assert!(!tx.borrow().has_changed());
    ///
    /// // Drop the sender immediately, just for testing purposes.
    /// drop(tx);
    ///
    /// // Even if the sender has already been dropped...
    /// assert!(rx.has_changed().is_err());
    /// // ...the modified value is still readable and detected as changed.
    /// assert_eq!(*rx.borrow(), "goodbye");
    /// assert!(rx.borrow().has_changed());
    ///
    /// // Read the changed value and mark it as seen.
    /// {
    ///     let received = rx.borrow_and_update();
    ///     assert_eq!(*received, "goodbye");
    ///     assert!(received.has_changed());
    ///     // Release the read lock when leaving this scope.
    /// }
    ///
    /// // Now the value has already been marked as seen and could
    /// // never be modified again (after the sender has been dropped).
    /// assert!(!rx.borrow().has_changed());
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn has_changed(&self) -> bool {
        self.has_changed
    }
}

struct Shared<T> {
    /// The most recent value.
    value: RwLock<T>,

    /// The current version.
    ///
    /// The lowest bit represents a "closed" state. The rest of the bits
    /// represent the current version.
    state: AtomicState,

    /// Tracks the number of `Receiver` instances.
    ref_count_rx: AtomicUsize,

    /// Tracks the number of `Sender` instances.
    ref_count_tx: AtomicUsize,

    /// Notifies waiting receivers that the value changed.
    notify_rx: big_notify::BigNotify,

    /// Notifies any task listening for `Receiver` dropped events.
    notify_tx: Notify,
}

impl<T: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for Shared<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let state = self.state.load();
        f.debug_struct("Shared")
            .field("value", &self.value)
            .field("version", &state.version())
            .field("is_closed", &state.is_closed())
            .field("ref_count_rx", &self.ref_count_rx)
            .finish()
    }
}

pub mod error {
    //! Watch error types.

    use std::error::Error;
    use std::fmt;

    /// Error produced when sending a value fails.
    #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
    pub struct SendError<T>(pub T);

    // ===== impl SendError =====

    impl<T> fmt::Debug for SendError<T> {
        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
            f.debug_struct("SendError").finish_non_exhaustive()
        }
    }

    impl<T> fmt::Display for SendError<T> {
        fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
            write!(fmt, "channel closed")
        }
    }

    impl<T> Error for SendError<T> {}

    /// Error produced when receiving a change notification.
    #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
    pub struct RecvError(pub(super) ());

    // ===== impl RecvError =====

    impl fmt::Display for RecvError {
        fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
            write!(fmt, "channel closed")
        }
    }

    impl Error for RecvError {}
}

mod big_notify {
    use super::Notify;
    use crate::sync::notify::Notified;

    // To avoid contention on the lock inside the `Notify`, we store multiple
    // copies of it. Then, we use either circular access or randomness to spread
    // out threads over different `Notify` objects.
    //
    // Some simple benchmarks show that randomness performs slightly better than
    // circular access (probably due to contention on `next`), so we prefer to
    // use randomness when Tokio is compiled with a random number generator.
    //
    // When the random number generator is not available, we fall back to
    // circular access.

    pub(super) struct BigNotify {
        #[cfg(not(all(not(loom), feature = "sync", any(feature = "rt", feature = "macros"))))]
        next: std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize,
        inner: [Notify; 8],
    }

    impl BigNotify {
        pub(super) fn new() -> Self {
            Self {
                #[cfg(not(all(
                    not(loom),
                    feature = "sync",
                    any(feature = "rt", feature = "macros")
                )))]
                next: std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0),
                inner: Default::default(),
            }
        }

        pub(super) fn notify_waiters(&self) {
            for notify in &self.inner {
                notify.notify_waiters();
            }
        }

        /// This function implements the case where randomness is not available.
        #[cfg(not(all(not(loom), feature = "sync", any(feature = "rt", feature = "macros"))))]
        pub(super) fn notified(&self) -> Notified<'_> {
            let i = self.next.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) % 8;
            self.inner[i].notified()
        }

        /// This function implements the case where randomness is available.
        #[cfg(all(not(loom), feature = "sync", any(feature = "rt", feature = "macros")))]
        pub(super) fn notified(&self) -> Notified<'_> {
            let i = crate::runtime::context::thread_rng_n(8) as usize;
            self.inner[i].notified()
        }
    }
}

use self::state::{AtomicState, Version};
mod state {
    use crate::loom::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
    use crate::loom::sync::atomic::Ordering;

    const CLOSED_BIT: usize = 1;

    // Using 2 as the step size preserves the `CLOSED_BIT`.
    const STEP_SIZE: usize = 2;

    /// The version part of the state. The lowest bit is always zero.
    #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
    pub(super) struct Version(usize);

    /// Snapshot of the state. The first bit is used as the CLOSED bit.
    /// The remaining bits are used as the version.
    ///
    /// The CLOSED bit tracks whether all senders have been dropped. Dropping all
    /// receivers does not set it.
    #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
    pub(super) struct StateSnapshot(usize);

    /// The state stored in an atomic integer.
    ///
    /// The `Sender` uses `Release` ordering for storing a new state
    /// and the `Receiver`s use `Acquire` ordering for loading the
    /// current state. This ensures that written values are seen by
    /// the `Receiver`s for a proper handover.
    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub(super) struct AtomicState(AtomicUsize);

    impl Version {
        /// Decrements the version.
        pub(super) fn decrement(&mut self) {
            // Using a wrapping decrement here is required to ensure that the
            // operation is consistent with `std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::fetch_add()`
            // which wraps on overflow.
            self.0 = self.0.wrapping_sub(STEP_SIZE);
        }

        pub(super) const INITIAL: Self = Version(0);
    }

    impl StateSnapshot {
        /// Extract the version from the state.
        pub(super) fn version(self) -> Version {
            Version(self.0 & !CLOSED_BIT)
        }

        /// Is the closed bit set?
        pub(super) fn is_closed(self) -> bool {
            (self.0 & CLOSED_BIT) == CLOSED_BIT
        }
    }

    impl AtomicState {
        /// Create a new `AtomicState` that is not closed and which has the
        /// version set to `Version::INITIAL`.
        pub(super) fn new() -> Self {
            AtomicState(AtomicUsize::new(Version::INITIAL.0))
        }

        /// Load the current value of the state.
        ///
        /// Only used by the receiver and for debugging purposes.
        ///
        /// The receiver side (read-only) uses `Acquire` ordering for a proper handover
        /// of the shared value with the sender side (single writer). The state is always
        /// updated after modifying and before releasing the (exclusive) lock on the
        /// shared value.
        pub(super) fn load(&self) -> StateSnapshot {
            StateSnapshot(self.0.load(Ordering::Acquire))
        }

        /// Increment the version counter.
        pub(super) fn increment_version_while_locked(&self) {
            // Use `Release` ordering to ensure that the shared value
            // has been written before updating the version. The shared
            // value is still protected by an exclusive lock during this
            // method.
            self.0.fetch_add(STEP_SIZE, Ordering::Release);
        }

        /// Set the closed bit in the state.
        pub(super) fn set_closed(&self) {
            self.0.fetch_or(CLOSED_BIT, Ordering::Release);
        }
    }
}

/// Creates a new watch channel, returning the "send" and "receive" handles.
///
/// All values sent by [`Sender`] will become visible to the [`Receiver`] handles.
/// Only the last value sent is made available to the [`Receiver`] half. All
/// intermediate values are dropped.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// The following example prints `hello! world! `.
///
/// ```
/// use tokio::sync::watch;
/// use tokio::time::{Duration, sleep};
///
/// # async fn dox() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
/// let (tx, mut rx) = watch::channel("hello");
///
/// tokio::spawn(async move {
///     // Use the equivalent of a "do-while" loop so the initial value is
///     // processed before awaiting the `changed()` future.
///     loop {
///         println!("{}! ", *rx.borrow_and_update());
///         if rx.changed().await.is_err() {
///             break;
///         }
///     }
/// });
///
/// sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
/// tx.send("world")?;
/// # Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
///
/// [`Sender`]: struct@Sender
/// [`Receiver`]: struct@Receiver
pub fn channel<T>(init: T) -> (Sender<T>, Receiver<T>) {
    let shared = Arc::new(Shared {
        value: RwLock::new(init),
        state: AtomicState::new(),
        ref_count_rx: AtomicUsize::new(1),
        ref_count_tx: AtomicUsize::new(1),
        notify_rx: big_notify::BigNotify::new(),
        notify_tx: Notify::new(),
    });

    let tx = Sender {
        shared: shared.clone(),
    };

    let rx = Receiver {
        shared,
        version: Version::INITIAL,
    };

    (tx, rx)
}

impl<T> Receiver<T> {
    fn from_shared(version: Version, shared: Arc<Shared<T>>) -> Self {
        // No synchronization necessary as this is only used as a counter and
        // not memory access.
        shared.ref_count_rx.fetch_add(1, Relaxed);

        Self { shared, version }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the most recently sent value.
    ///
    /// This method does not mark the returned value as seen, so future calls to
    /// [`changed`] may return immediately even if you have already seen the
    /// value with a call to `borrow`.
    ///
    /// Outstanding borrows hold a read lock on the inner value. This means that
    /// long-lived borrows could cause the producer half to block. It is recommended
    /// to keep the borrow as short-lived as possible. Additionally, if you are
    /// running in an environment that allows `!Send` futures, you must ensure that
    /// the returned `Ref` type is never held alive across an `.await` point,
    /// otherwise, it can lead to a deadlock.
    ///
    /// The priority policy of the lock is dependent on the underlying lock
    /// implementation, and this type does not guarantee that any particular policy
    /// will be used. In particular, a producer which is waiting to acquire the lock
    /// in `send` might or might not block concurrent calls to `borrow`, e.g.:
    ///
    /// <details><summary>Potential deadlock example</summary>
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// // Task 1 (on thread A)    |  // Task 2 (on thread B)
    /// let _ref1 = rx.borrow();   |
    ///                            |  // will block
    ///                            |  let _ = tx.send(());
    /// // may deadlock            |
    /// let _ref2 = rx.borrow();   |
    /// ```
    /// </details>
    ///
    /// For more information on when to use this method versus
    /// [`borrow_and_update`], see [here](self#borrow_and_update-versus-borrow).
    ///
    /// [`changed`]: Receiver::changed
    /// [`borrow_and_update`]: Receiver::borrow_and_update
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    ///
    /// let (_, rx) = watch::channel("hello");
    /// assert_eq!(*rx.borrow(), "hello");
    /// ```
    pub fn borrow(&self) -> Ref<'_, T> {
        let inner = self.shared.value.read();

        // After obtaining a read-lock no concurrent writes could occur
        // and the loaded version matches that of the borrowed reference.
        let new_version = self.shared.state.load().version();
        let has_changed = self.version != new_version;

        Ref { inner, has_changed }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the most recently sent value and marks that value
    /// as seen.
    ///
    /// This method marks the current value as seen. Subsequent calls to [`changed`]
    /// will not return immediately until the [`Sender`] has modified the shared
    /// value again.
    ///
    /// Outstanding borrows hold a read lock on the inner value. This means that
    /// long-lived borrows could cause the producer half to block. It is recommended
    /// to keep the borrow as short-lived as possible. Additionally, if you are
    /// running in an environment that allows `!Send` futures, you must ensure that
    /// the returned `Ref` type is never held alive across an `.await` point,
    /// otherwise, it can lead to a deadlock.
    ///
    /// The priority policy of the lock is dependent on the underlying lock
    /// implementation, and this type does not guarantee that any particular policy
    /// will be used. In particular, a producer which is waiting to acquire the lock
    /// in `send` might or might not block concurrent calls to `borrow`, e.g.:
    ///
    /// <details><summary>Potential deadlock example</summary>
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// // Task 1 (on thread A)                |  // Task 2 (on thread B)
    /// let _ref1 = rx1.borrow_and_update();   |
    ///                                        |  // will block
    ///                                        |  let _ = tx.send(());
    /// // may deadlock                        |
    /// let _ref2 = rx2.borrow_and_update();   |
    /// ```
    /// </details>
    ///
    /// For more information on when to use this method versus [`borrow`], see
    /// [here](self#borrow_and_update-versus-borrow).
    ///
    /// [`changed`]: Receiver::changed
    /// [`borrow`]: Receiver::borrow
    pub fn borrow_and_update(&mut self) -> Ref<'_, T> {
        let inner = self.shared.value.read();

        // After obtaining a read-lock no concurrent writes could occur
        // and the loaded version matches that of the borrowed reference.
        let new_version = self.shared.state.load().version();
        let has_changed = self.version != new_version;

        // Mark the shared value as seen by updating the version
        self.version = new_version;

        Ref { inner, has_changed }
    }

    /// Checks if this channel contains a message that this receiver has not yet
    /// seen. The current value will not be marked as seen.
    ///
    /// Although this method is called `has_changed`, it does not check
    /// messages for equality, so this call will return true even if the current
    /// message is equal to the previous message.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns a [`RecvError`](error::RecvError) if and only if the channel has been closed.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ## Basic usage
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    ///
    /// # #[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
    /// # async fn main() {
    /// let (tx, mut rx) = watch::channel("hello");
    ///
    /// tx.send("goodbye").unwrap();
    ///
    /// assert!(rx.has_changed().unwrap());
    /// assert_eq!(*rx.borrow_and_update(), "goodbye");
    ///
    /// // The value has been marked as seen
    /// assert!(!rx.has_changed().unwrap());
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// ## Closed channel example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    ///
    /// # #[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
    /// # async fn main() {
    /// let (tx, rx) = watch::channel("hello");
    /// tx.send("goodbye").unwrap();
    ///
    /// drop(tx);
    ///
    /// // The channel is closed
    /// assert!(rx.has_changed().is_err());
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn has_changed(&self) -> Result<bool, error::RecvError> {
        // Load the version from the state
        let state = self.shared.state.load();
        if state.is_closed() {
            // All senders have dropped.
            return Err(error::RecvError(()));
        }
        let new_version = state.version();

        Ok(self.version != new_version)
    }

    /// Marks the state as changed.
    ///
    /// After invoking this method [`has_changed()`](Self::has_changed)
    /// returns `true` and [`changed()`](Self::changed) returns
    /// immediately, regardless of whether a new value has been sent.
    ///
    /// This is useful for triggering an initial change notification after
    /// subscribing to synchronize new receivers.
    pub fn mark_changed(&mut self) {
        self.version.decrement();
    }

    /// Marks the state as unchanged.
    ///
    /// The current value will be considered seen by the receiver.
    ///
    /// This is useful if you are not interested in the current value
    /// visible in the receiver.
    pub fn mark_unchanged(&mut self) {
        let current_version = self.shared.state.load().version();
        self.version = current_version;
    }

    /// Waits for a change notification, then marks the current value as seen.
    ///
    /// If the current value in the channel has not yet been marked seen when
    /// this method is called, the method marks that value seen and returns
    /// immediately. If the newest value has already been marked seen, then the
    /// method sleeps until a new message is sent by a [`Sender`] connected to
    /// this `Receiver`, or until all [`Sender`]s are dropped.
    ///
    /// For more information, see
    /// [*Change notifications*](self#change-notifications) in the module-level documentation.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns a [`RecvError`](error::RecvError) if the channel has been closed __AND__
    /// the current value is seen.
    ///
    /// # Cancel safety
    ///
    /// This method is cancel safe. If you use it as the event in a
    /// [`tokio::select!`](crate::select) statement and some other branch
    /// completes first, then it is guaranteed that no values have been marked
    /// seen by this call to `changed`.
    ///
    /// [`Sender`]: struct@Sender
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    ///
    /// # #[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
    /// # async fn main() {
    /// let (tx, mut rx) = watch::channel("hello");
    ///
    /// tokio::spawn(async move {
    ///     tx.send("goodbye").unwrap();
    /// });
    ///
    /// assert!(rx.changed().await.is_ok());
    /// assert_eq!(*rx.borrow_and_update(), "goodbye");
    ///
    /// // The `tx` handle has been dropped
    /// assert!(rx.changed().await.is_err());
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub async fn changed(&mut self) -> Result<(), error::RecvError> {
        cooperative(changed_impl(&self.shared, &mut self.version)).await
    }

    /// Waits for a value that satisfies the provided condition.
    ///
    /// This method will call the provided closure whenever something is sent on
    /// the channel. Once the closure returns `true`, this method will return a
    /// reference to the value that was passed to the closure.
    ///
    /// Before `wait_for` starts waiting for changes, it will call the closure
    /// on the current value. If the closure returns `true` when given the
    /// current value, then `wait_for` will immediately return a reference to
    /// the current value. This is the case even if the current value is already
    /// considered seen.
    ///
    /// The watch channel only keeps track of the most recent value, so if
    /// several messages are sent faster than `wait_for` is able to call the
    /// closure, then it may skip some updates. Whenever the closure is called,
    /// it will be called with the most recent value.
    ///
    /// When this function returns, the value that was passed to the closure
    /// when it returned `true` will be considered seen.
    ///
    /// If the channel is closed, then `wait_for` will return a [`RecvError`].
    /// Once this happens, no more messages can ever be sent on the channel.
    /// When an error is returned, it is guaranteed that the closure has been
    /// called on the last value, and that it returned `false` for that value.
    /// (If the closure returned `true`, then the last value would have been
    /// returned instead of the error.)
    ///
    /// Like the [`borrow`] method, the returned borrow holds a read lock on the
    /// inner value. This means that long-lived borrows could cause the producer
    /// half to block. It is recommended to keep the borrow as short-lived as
    /// possible. See the documentation of `borrow` for more information on
    /// this.
    ///
    /// [`borrow`]: Receiver::borrow
    /// [`RecvError`]: error::RecvError
    ///
    /// # Cancel safety
    ///
    /// This method is cancel safe. If you use it as the event in a
    /// [`tokio::select!`](crate::select) statement and some other branch
    /// completes first, then it is guaranteed that the last seen value `val`
    /// (if any) satisfies `f(val) == false`.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// If and only if the closure `f` panics. In that case, no resource owned
    /// or shared by this [`Receiver`] will be poisoned.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    /// use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};
    ///
    /// #[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread", start_paused = true)]
    /// async fn main() {
    ///     let (tx, mut rx) = watch::channel("hello");
    ///
    ///     tokio::spawn(async move {
    ///         sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
    ///         tx.send("goodbye").unwrap();
    ///     });
    ///
    ///     assert!(rx.wait_for(|val| *val == "goodbye").await.is_ok());
    ///     assert_eq!(*rx.borrow(), "goodbye");
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub async fn wait_for(
        &mut self,
        f: impl FnMut(&T) -> bool,
    ) -> Result<Ref<'_, T>, error::RecvError> {
        cooperative(self.wait_for_inner(f)).await
    }

    async fn wait_for_inner(
        &mut self,
        mut f: impl FnMut(&T) -> bool,
    ) -> Result<Ref<'_, T>, error::RecvError> {
        let mut closed = false;
        loop {
            {
                let inner = self.shared.value.read();

                let new_version = self.shared.state.load().version();
                let has_changed = self.version != new_version;
                self.version = new_version;

                if !closed || has_changed {
                    let result = panic::catch_unwind(panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| f(&inner)));
                    match result {
                        Ok(true) => {
                            return Ok(Ref { inner, has_changed });
                        }
                        Ok(false) => {
                            // Skip the value.
                        }
                        Err(panicked) => {
                            // Drop the read-lock to avoid poisoning it.
                            drop(inner);
                            // Forward the panic to the caller.
                            panic::resume_unwind(panicked);
                            // Unreachable
                        }
                    };
                }
            }

            if closed {
                return Err(error::RecvError(()));
            }

            // Wait for the value to change.
            closed = changed_impl(&self.shared, &mut self.version).await.is_err();
        }
    }

    /// Returns `true` if receivers belong to the same channel.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::watch::channel(true);
    /// let rx2 = rx.clone();
    /// assert!(rx.same_channel(&rx2));
    ///
    /// let (tx3, rx3) = tokio::sync::watch::channel(true);
    /// assert!(!rx3.same_channel(&rx2));
    /// ```
    pub fn same_channel(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        Arc::ptr_eq(&self.shared, &other.shared)
    }

    cfg_process_driver! {
        pub(crate) fn try_has_changed(&mut self) -> Option<Result<(), error::RecvError>> {
            maybe_changed(&self.shared, &mut self.version)
        }
    }
}

fn maybe_changed<T>(
    shared: &Shared<T>,
    version: &mut Version,
) -> Option<Result<(), error::RecvError>> {
    // Load the version from the state
    let state = shared.state.load();
    let new_version = state.version();

    if *version != new_version {
        // Observe the new version and return
        *version = new_version;
        return Some(Ok(()));
    }

    if state.is_closed() {
        // All senders have been dropped.
        return Some(Err(error::RecvError(())));
    }

    None
}

async fn changed_impl<T>(
    shared: &Shared<T>,
    version: &mut Version,
) -> Result<(), error::RecvError> {
    crate::trace::async_trace_leaf().await;

    loop {
        // In order to avoid a race condition, we first request a notification,
        // **then** check the current value's version. If a new version exists,
        // the notification request is dropped.
        let notified = shared.notify_rx.notified();

        if let Some(ret) = maybe_changed(shared, version) {
            return ret;
        }

        notified.await;
        // loop around again in case the wake-up was spurious
    }
}

impl<T> Clone for Receiver<T> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        let version = self.version;
        let shared = self.shared.clone();

        Self::from_shared(version, shared)
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for Receiver<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // No synchronization necessary as this is only used as a counter and
        // not memory access.
        if 1 == self.shared.ref_count_rx.fetch_sub(1, Relaxed) {
            // This is the last `Receiver` handle, tasks waiting on `Sender::closed()`
            self.shared.notify_tx.notify_waiters();
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Sender<T> {
    /// Creates the sending-half of the [`watch`] channel.
    ///
    /// See documentation of [`watch::channel`] for errors when calling this function.
    /// Beware that attempting to send a value when there are no receivers will
    /// return an error.
    ///
    /// [`watch`]: crate::sync::watch
    /// [`watch::channel`]: crate::sync::watch
    ///
    /// # Examples
    /// ```
    /// let sender = tokio::sync::watch::Sender::new(0u8);
    /// assert!(sender.send(3).is_err());
    /// let _rec = sender.subscribe();
    /// assert!(sender.send(4).is_ok());
    /// ```
    pub fn new(init: T) -> Self {
        let (tx, _) = channel(init);
        tx
    }

    /// Sends a new value via the channel, notifying all receivers.
    ///
    /// This method fails if the channel is closed, which is the case when
    /// every receiver has been dropped. It is possible to reopen the channel
    /// using the [`subscribe`] method. However, when `send` fails, the value
    /// isn't made available for future receivers (but returned with the
    /// [`SendError`]).
    ///
    /// To always make a new value available for future receivers, even if no
    /// receiver currently exists, one of the other send methods
    /// ([`send_if_modified`], [`send_modify`], or [`send_replace`]) can be
    /// used instead.
    ///
    /// [`subscribe`]: Sender::subscribe
    /// [`SendError`]: error::SendError
    /// [`send_if_modified`]: Sender::send_if_modified
    /// [`send_modify`]: Sender::send_modify
    /// [`send_replace`]: Sender::send_replace
    pub fn send(&self, value: T) -> Result<(), error::SendError<T>> {
        // This is pretty much only useful as a hint anyway, so synchronization isn't critical.
        if 0 == self.receiver_count() {
            return Err(error::SendError(value));
        }

        self.send_replace(value);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Modifies the watched value **unconditionally** in-place,
    /// notifying all receivers.
    ///
    /// This can be useful for modifying the watched value, without
    /// having to allocate a new instance. Additionally, this
    /// method permits sending values even when there are no receivers.
    ///
    /// Prefer to use the more versatile function [`Self::send_if_modified()`]
    /// if the value is only modified conditionally during the mutable borrow
    /// to prevent unneeded change notifications for unmodified values.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// This function panics when the invocation of the `modify` closure panics.
    /// No receivers are notified when panicking. All changes of the watched
    /// value applied by the closure before panicking will be visible in
    /// subsequent calls to `borrow`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    ///
    /// struct State {
    ///     counter: usize,
    /// }
    /// let (state_tx, state_rx) = watch::channel(State { counter: 0 });
    /// state_tx.send_modify(|state| state.counter += 1);
    /// assert_eq!(state_rx.borrow().counter, 1);
    /// ```
    pub fn send_modify<F>(&self, modify: F)
    where
        F: FnOnce(&mut T),
    {
        self.send_if_modified(|value| {
            modify(value);
            true
        });
    }

    /// Modifies the watched value **conditionally** in-place,
    /// notifying all receivers only if modified.
    ///
    /// This can be useful for modifying the watched value, without
    /// having to allocate a new instance. Additionally, this
    /// method permits sending values even when there are no receivers.
    ///
    /// The `modify` closure must return `true` if the value has actually
    /// been modified during the mutable borrow. It should only return `false`
    /// if the value is guaranteed to be unmodified despite the mutable
    /// borrow.
    ///
    /// Receivers are only notified if the closure returned `true`. If the
    /// closure has modified the value but returned `false` this results
    /// in a *silent modification*, i.e. the modified value will be visible
    /// in subsequent calls to `borrow`, but receivers will not receive
    /// a change notification.
    ///
    /// Returns the result of the closure, i.e. `true` if the value has
    /// been modified and `false` otherwise.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// This function panics when the invocation of the `modify` closure panics.
    /// No receivers are notified when panicking. All changes of the watched
    /// value applied by the closure before panicking will be visible in
    /// subsequent calls to `borrow`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    ///
    /// struct State {
    ///     counter: usize,
    /// }
    /// let (state_tx, mut state_rx) = watch::channel(State { counter: 1 });
    /// let inc_counter_if_odd = |state: &mut State| {
    ///     if state.counter % 2 == 1 {
    ///         state.counter += 1;
    ///         return true;
    ///     }
    ///     false
    /// };
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(state_rx.borrow().counter, 1);
    ///
    /// assert!(!state_rx.has_changed().unwrap());
    /// assert!(state_tx.send_if_modified(inc_counter_if_odd));
    /// assert!(state_rx.has_changed().unwrap());
    /// assert_eq!(state_rx.borrow_and_update().counter, 2);
    ///
    /// assert!(!state_rx.has_changed().unwrap());
    /// assert!(!state_tx.send_if_modified(inc_counter_if_odd));
    /// assert!(!state_rx.has_changed().unwrap());
    /// assert_eq!(state_rx.borrow_and_update().counter, 2);
    /// ```
    pub fn send_if_modified<F>(&self, modify: F) -> bool
    where
        F: FnOnce(&mut T) -> bool,
    {
        {
            // Acquire the write lock and update the value.
            let mut lock = self.shared.value.write();

            // Update the value and catch possible panic inside func.
            let result = panic::catch_unwind(panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| modify(&mut lock)));
            match result {
                Ok(modified) => {
                    if !modified {
                        // Abort, i.e. don't notify receivers if unmodified
                        return false;
                    }
                    // Continue if modified
                }
                Err(panicked) => {
                    // Drop the lock to avoid poisoning it.
                    drop(lock);
                    // Forward the panic to the caller.
                    panic::resume_unwind(panicked);
                    // Unreachable
                }
            };

            self.shared.state.increment_version_while_locked();

            // Release the write lock.
            //
            // Incrementing the version counter while holding the lock ensures
            // that receivers are able to figure out the version number of the
            // value they are currently looking at.
            drop(lock);
        }

        self.shared.notify_rx.notify_waiters();

        true
    }

    /// Sends a new value via the channel, notifying all receivers and returning
    /// the previous value in the channel.
    ///
    /// This can be useful for reusing the buffers inside a watched value.
    /// Additionally, this method permits sending values even when there are no
    /// receivers.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    ///
    /// let (tx, _rx) = watch::channel(1);
    /// assert_eq!(tx.send_replace(2), 1);
    /// assert_eq!(tx.send_replace(3), 2);
    /// ```
    pub fn send_replace(&self, mut value: T) -> T {
        // swap old watched value with the new one
        self.send_modify(|old| mem::swap(old, &mut value));

        value
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the most recently sent value
    ///
    /// Outstanding borrows hold a read lock on the inner value. This means that
    /// long-lived borrows could cause the producer half to block. It is recommended
    /// to keep the borrow as short-lived as possible. Additionally, if you are
    /// running in an environment that allows `!Send` futures, you must ensure that
    /// the returned `Ref` type is never held alive across an `.await` point,
    /// otherwise, it can lead to a deadlock.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    ///
    /// let (tx, _) = watch::channel("hello");
    /// assert_eq!(*tx.borrow(), "hello");
    /// ```
    pub fn borrow(&self) -> Ref<'_, T> {
        let inner = self.shared.value.read();

        // The sender/producer always sees the current version
        let has_changed = false;

        Ref { inner, has_changed }
    }

    /// Checks if the channel has been closed. This happens when all receivers
    /// have dropped.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::watch::channel(());
    /// assert!(!tx.is_closed());
    ///
    /// drop(rx);
    /// assert!(tx.is_closed());
    /// ```
    pub fn is_closed(&self) -> bool {
        self.receiver_count() == 0
    }

    /// Completes when all receivers have dropped.
    ///
    /// This allows the producer to get notified when interest in the produced
    /// values is canceled and immediately stop doing work. Once a channel is
    /// closed, the only way to reopen it is to call [`Sender::subscribe`] to
    /// get a new receiver.
    ///
    /// If the channel becomes closed for a brief amount of time (e.g., the last
    /// receiver is dropped and then `subscribe` is called), then this call to
    /// `closed` might return, but it is also possible that it does not "notice"
    /// that the channel was closed for a brief amount of time.
    ///
    /// # Cancel safety
    ///
    /// This method is cancel safe.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    ///
    /// # #[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
    /// # async fn main() {
    /// let (tx, rx) = watch::channel("hello");
    ///
    /// tokio::spawn(async move {
    ///     // use `rx`
    ///     drop(rx);
    /// });
    ///
    /// // Waits for `rx` to drop
    /// tx.closed().await;
    /// println!("the `rx` handles dropped")
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub async fn closed(&self) {
        cooperative(async {
            crate::trace::async_trace_leaf().await;

            while self.receiver_count() > 0 {
                let notified = self.shared.notify_tx.notified();

                if self.receiver_count() == 0 {
                    return;
                }

                notified.await;
                // The channel could have been reopened in the meantime by calling
                // `subscribe`, so we loop again.
            }
        })
        .await;
    }

    /// Creates a new [`Receiver`] connected to this `Sender`.
    ///
    /// All messages sent before this call to `subscribe` are initially marked
    /// as seen by the new `Receiver`.
    ///
    /// This method can be called even if there are no other receivers. In this
    /// case, the channel is reopened.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The new channel will receive messages sent on this `Sender`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    ///
    /// # #[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
    /// # async fn main() {
    /// let (tx, _rx) = watch::channel(0u64);
    ///
    /// tx.send(5).unwrap();
    ///
    /// let rx = tx.subscribe();
    /// assert_eq!(5, *rx.borrow());
    ///
    /// tx.send(10).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(10, *rx.borrow());
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// The most recent message is considered seen by the channel, so this test
    /// is guaranteed to pass.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    /// use tokio::time::Duration;
    ///
    /// # #[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
    /// # async fn main() {
    /// let (tx, _rx) = watch::channel(0u64);
    /// tx.send(5).unwrap();
    /// let mut rx = tx.subscribe();
    ///
    /// tokio::spawn(async move {
    ///     // by spawning and sleeping, the message is sent after `main`
    ///     // hits the call to `changed`.
    ///     # if false {
    ///     tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
    ///     # }
    ///     tx.send(100).unwrap();
    /// });
    ///
    /// rx.changed().await.unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(100, *rx.borrow());
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn subscribe(&self) -> Receiver<T> {
        let shared = self.shared.clone();
        let version = shared.state.load().version();

        // The CLOSED bit in the state tracks only whether the sender is
        // dropped, so we do not need to unset it if this reopens the channel.
        Receiver::from_shared(version, shared)
    }

    /// Returns the number of receivers that currently exist.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    ///
    /// # #[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
    /// # async fn main() {
    /// let (tx, rx1) = watch::channel("hello");
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(1, tx.receiver_count());
    ///
    /// let mut _rx2 = rx1.clone();
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(2, tx.receiver_count());
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn receiver_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.shared.ref_count_rx.load(Relaxed)
    }

    /// Returns the number of senders that currently exist.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use tokio::sync::watch;
    ///
    /// # #[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
    /// # async fn main() {
    /// let (tx1, rx) = watch::channel("hello");
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(1, tx1.sender_count());
    ///
    /// let tx2 = tx1.clone();
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(2, tx1.sender_count());
    /// assert_eq!(2, tx2.sender_count());
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn sender_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.shared.ref_count_tx.load(Relaxed)
    }

    /// Returns `true` if senders belong to the same channel.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let (tx, rx) = tokio::sync::watch::channel(true);
    /// let tx2 = tx.clone();
    /// assert!(tx.same_channel(&tx2));
    ///
    /// let (tx3, rx3) = tokio::sync::watch::channel(true);
    /// assert!(!tx3.same_channel(&tx2));
    /// ```
    pub fn same_channel(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        Arc::ptr_eq(&self.shared, &other.shared)
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for Sender<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if self.shared.ref_count_tx.fetch_sub(1, AcqRel) == 1 {
            self.shared.state.set_closed();
            self.shared.notify_rx.notify_waiters();
        }
    }
}

// ===== impl Ref =====

impl<T> ops::Deref for Ref<'_, T> {
    type Target = T;

    fn deref(&self) -> &T {
        self.inner.deref()
    }
}

#[cfg(all(test, loom))]
mod tests {
    use futures::future::FutureExt;
    use loom::thread;

    // test for https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio/issues/3168
    #[test]
    fn watch_spurious_wakeup() {
        loom::model(|| {
            let (send, mut recv) = crate::sync::watch::channel(0i32);

            send.send(1).unwrap();

            let send_thread = thread::spawn(move || {
                send.send(2).unwrap();
                send
            });

            recv.changed().now_or_never();

            let send = send_thread.join().unwrap();
            let recv_thread = thread::spawn(move || {
                recv.changed().now_or_never();
                recv.changed().now_or_never();
                recv
            });

            send.send(3).unwrap();

            let mut recv = recv_thread.join().unwrap();
            let send_thread = thread::spawn(move || {
                send.send(2).unwrap();
            });

            recv.changed().now_or_never();

            send_thread.join().unwrap();
        });
    }

    #[test]
    fn watch_borrow() {
        loom::model(|| {
            let (send, mut recv) = crate::sync::watch::channel(0i32);

            assert!(send.borrow().eq(&0));
            assert!(recv.borrow().eq(&0));

            send.send(1).unwrap();
            assert!(send.borrow().eq(&1));

            let send_thread = thread::spawn(move || {
                send.send(2).unwrap();
                send
            });

            recv.changed().now_or_never();

            let send = send_thread.join().unwrap();
            let recv_thread = thread::spawn(move || {
                recv.changed().now_or_never();
                recv.changed().now_or_never();
                recv
            });

            send.send(3).unwrap();

            let recv = recv_thread.join().unwrap();
            assert!(recv.borrow().eq(&3));
            assert!(send.borrow().eq(&3));

            send.send(2).unwrap();

            thread::spawn(move || {
                assert!(recv.borrow().eq(&2));
            });
            assert!(send.borrow().eq(&2));
        });
    }
}